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The series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+) across a membrane, is a fundamental component of cellular respiration. While a single, universally accepted formula doesn’t fully capture its complexity, a simplified representation highlights its core function: NADH + FADH + O HO + Energy (ATP). This represents the oxidation of reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH) ultimately leading to the reduction of oxygen to water and the production of energy in the form of ATP.

This process is essential for life as it extracts significantly more energy from food molecules than glycolysis alone. Its development was a pivotal moment in the evolution of life, enabling organisms to thrive in oxygen-rich environments. The energy produced powers cellular activities necessary for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. Dysfunctional mechanisms in this series of reactions are associated with various diseases, emphasizing its significance for maintaining overall health.